[50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. Hall Fund. [69] The society is divided into five main grades such as Nkanda, Oku akama, Nyamkpe, Okpoho and Ebonko. While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. Also i want bomb and shell. I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. All willing to engage respectfully are welcome. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. Corrections? [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. Historians and archaeologists have worked to piece together the human story from prehistory up to today. What role does religion play in society today? Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. The missionaries who arrived in 1846 contributed to the changes in women's attire in Efik society. James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . Click to expose navigation links on mobile. Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . Among these laws were the Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele). Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. Google Scholar Aye, E. A. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum. [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. [81] The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. Having associated broadly with foreigners in the pre-colonial era and . a king whose attempts to have a special son lead him to make bargains with one Islamic missionary and two noble travelers. Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. The cloth is made of plain cotton but transformed into a ritual object when nsibidi symbols are inscribed onto it through indigo dyeing. It is not just because of its spiritual or cultic functions but for the fact that the institution was a pre-colonial police judiciary system (Bassey, 1998). Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. ,sister Watz. [74][75] Among these missionaries were Rev. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. [66] With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. [59] According to Rev. On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. No disrespect allowed. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. ekpe society cameroon. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. In the culture we have discussed, the term jamu refers to: each person's family name, which connects the person to a famous character in the story of Sunjata. This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. [40] A fraternal society that emerged in the western culture between the 16th and 7th century. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . [5] [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. The Efik also manufacture a number of beverages such as Mmn Efik (Palm wine), Uffp (Native gin), Lemon grass tea (Nnyannyaa), Mmn Eyop (Eyop wine). An entire topic will be dedicated to discussing the Ekpe society and its legacy in the near future. Enyi laja na lasha b nyeere ha aka idi nsogbu nd baara ha. Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon. Additional Touches In The River Between, Waiyaki's father, Chege, is: The new, white man's religion is represented by the: Early in the story, Waiyaki undergoes his "second birth". ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. Over the years, the Victorian dress has been modified and given what is regarded as a dignified African look. . [44] The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. [39] At Ndodoghi, the Efik priest-king Ema Atai Ema Atai died and was succeeded by his son Eyo Ema Atai Ema Atai Iboku. 2017). [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society originated from the Ekoi tribe in Cross River State. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. You are using an out of date browser. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. AHR ~ 125 Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. According to E.U. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. the Ekpe society. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? cherryblossom wrote on WARRIOR's profile. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. For the surname, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Art and Life in Africa: Eket Information" University of Iowa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1101939539, This page was last edited on 2 August 2022, at 15:27. Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to the following chiefs; Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. One of Thompson's pupils, Ivor Miller, has now produced a noteworthy study, concentrating specifically on one particular secret society, Ekpe, of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon; its transfiguration on Cuban soil into the Abakua society; and the ensuing effect of Abakua in shaping all aspects of the . It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). The version of Sunjata we have read is not the only version because: No version was ever written down by a skilled jeli, since Mande traditional society considers any story written down to be "dead". Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. 16, 2014 3 likes 6,498 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Spiritual Technology A short description of the ancient Ekpe Masquerade and its cultural and spiritual significance, in the life of the people of the Cross River basin. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community.. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. Photo by Eli Bentor. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. Cameroon with the Ekpe cult. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. Also join us across all of our other channels - we love to be connected! Read More mask Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. [26] Essien points out that Atakpor Uruan Inyang is one of the Efik deities and asserts that among the Uruan exists the saying "Ke Ndem Efik Iboku, Atakpor ke Ekuk", which can be interpreted to mean "Where there is the Efik deity, there is also Atakpor Uruan to share with it. Photo by Eli Bentor. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? [79] Ikpaya a royal type of gown also made from raffia. [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. Initiated into ekpe society at 9 as was done in those days and now not even a word is mentioned each time you talk about ekpe in manyu. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. JavaScript is disabled. The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . According to him . The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. Photo by Jordan Fenton. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Unblock notifications in browser settings. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository [45] internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. The term igo has also been used for the organization's members. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. Among the earliest proponents of the Ibibio origin theory are Consul Hutchinson who stated, "The present inhabitants of Duke town, Old town and Creek town are descendants of the Egbo shary or Ibibio tribe up the Cross River. clothing stores in columbia mall Explain. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. (Ed.). She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. The group is a mutual aid society known for elaborate street dances and very high. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. The Osirica is a black Egyptian masonic order that existed in ancient Egypt. [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. [52] These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the [13] Throughout the centuries, Efik traders traded with the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. There are two distinct but related societies. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected.
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